indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to go past; to pass; to pass by
there; that situation; that occasion; the spot (i.e. "on the spot"); immediately; then and there
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to remain; to abide; to stay (in the one place); to be limited to; to be confined to; to only account for
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
river; stream; River; the ... river
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
reason; logic; sense; natural way of things
to anyone; to everyone; by anyone; by everyone; in everyone; in anyone
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to recall; to remember; to recollect
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to disappear (of people or animals); to go (away); to leave; to no longer exist
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
opening (of a bottle); broaching; beginning; opening; commencement (e.g. of sales)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?