indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
in that way; thus; so; so?
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
real; realistic; serious; non-joking; realtime blog; real world (cf. online games or social networking services)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
adds force or indicates command
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
suffix for familiar person
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently