indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
suffix for familiar person
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
older sister; elder sister
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
honorific/polite/humble prefix
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in that way; thus; so; so?
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
older sister; lass; young lady
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage