indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
young bird; chick; fledgling; hina doll; doll displayed during the Girls' Festival
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
suffix for familiar person
elm bark clothes traditionally worn by the Ainu; elm bark textile
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
Hinamatsuri (March 3); Girls' Festival; Dolls' Festival
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
feeling; sense; impression
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
I'm off; see you later; to go (and then come back)
how about ...?; I wonder; I don't know
congratulation; congratulations; celebration; congratulatory gift; present
your home; your family; their home; (my) home
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
adds force or indicates command
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need