indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
police; police officer; police station
understood; I see; OK; present; here
elm bark clothes traditionally worn by the Ainu; elm bark textile
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
always; all the time; never; usual; regular