jpdb beta

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

6

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

6

from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)

4

right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?

4

homework; assignment; pending issue; unresolved problem; open question

4

elm bark clothes traditionally worn by the Ainu; elm bark textile

4

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

3

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

3

to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing

3

the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...

3

in that way; thus; so; so?

3

to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience

3

only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to

3

to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish

3

wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to

3

yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof

3

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

2

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

2

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

2

to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen

2

don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...

2

to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise

2

to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)

2

honorific/polite/humble prefix

2

a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily

2

although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish

2

indicates question

2

it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?

2

together (with); at the same time; in a lump

2

work; job; labor; work

2

to show; to display

2

question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion

2

suffix for familiar person

2

Mr (junior); master; boy

2

all; entire; whole; altogether

2

request; favour (to ask); wish; please

2

difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy

2

library

2

young bird; chick; fledgling; hina doll; doll displayed during the Girls' Festival

2

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

1

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

1

indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very

1

thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work

1

but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...

1

be; is

1

you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...

1

to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk

1

now; soon; already; yet; further; more

1

again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and

1

-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now

1