indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
elm bark clothes traditionally worn by the Ainu; elm bark textile
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
suffix for familiar person
(one's) older sister; (one's) elder sister; girl
young bird; chick; fledgling; hina doll; doll displayed during the Girls' Festival
White Day (March 14); day for giving white chocolate and other presents to female coworkers and friends in return for gifts received on Valentine's day
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
return gift; return favour (favor); revenge; change (in a cash transaction)
handmade; homegrown; hand-crafted; homemade
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's