indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
difficult to ...; hard to ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
now; the present time; just now; another; more
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof