previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
promise; agreement; appointment; engagement; convention; rule
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
earth; ground; the solid earth; the (vast) land
at (a time or place); in; in (a situation, matter, etc.); on (a point); on the part of; under the authority of
ceremony; rite; ritual; service
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
doing (with resolve); carrying out (e.g. a plan)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
reason; principle; general principle (as opposed to individual concrete phenomenon); the underlying principles of the cosmos (in neo-Confucianism)
sub-; second-rate; -ous (indicating a low oxidation state); -ite; Asia; Argentina; Arabia
nice to meet you; I'm glad to make your acquaintance; how do you do?
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
no; you're welcome; not at all; don't mention it
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
two persons; two people; pair; couple
myself; yourself; I; me; you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to hold (a ceremony); to perform
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
effort; exertion; endeavour; endeavor; hard work; striving
to continue; to keep up; to keep on; to continue ...; to keep on ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
Saint; St.; S.; sacred; holy; pure
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
live (broadcasting, music, etc.); live performance; live concert; resonant (room, etc.); reverberating
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
ball (for sport, games, etc.); kemari; type of football played by courtiers in ancient Japan
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
serious matter; major incident; matter of grave concern; crisis