indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very
nobility; aristocracy; peerage
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
sum; harmony; peace; Japan; Japanese-style
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
above; over; top; summit; surface; on (top of); the above (in a piece of writing)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
clearly; plainly; distinctly; to be clear; to be definite; to be certain
to raise; to elevate; to move something (to a higher place); to put onto (e.g. a shelf); to increase (price, quality, status, etc.); to raise (a wage); to show someone (into a room)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
boo! (sound used to scare someone); ugh (dissatisfaction, aggravation); ulp (consternation)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
leader; leaders; dotted line; reader (textbook); reader (i.e. a person who reads); microreader
waist; waistline; waist measurement
dukedom; duchy; principality
pupil; student; schoolchild
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
to learn; to study; to take lessons in
distinguished family; famous family; noble family; prestigious organization (company, school, etc.)
student accommodation; student dormitory
boarder; boarding student
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
daily; everyday; days (e.g. of one's youth); every day; day after day
fight; dispute; feud; competition; contest; rivalry
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to repeat; to do over again
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...