indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
body; body blow (in boxing)
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
close-fitting trousers; long underwear
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding