indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
gold (Au); golden (color); valuable; of highest value; money; gold coin; Friday
clear autumn water; clear fall water
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
wish; desire; hope; prospect; expectation; (one's) hopes
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
adds force or indicates command
energy; energy; strength; energy source; energy resource; food energy
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
iron (Fe); strong and hard (as iron); railway; railway enthusiast