indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
live (esp. concert, show, etc.); live performance; alive
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
performance; take; game; season; penetrative vaginal sex (with a prostitute); unsimulated sex (in an adult movie)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
to stand up; to put up; to thrust into; to bury into; to make (a noise); to start (a rumour); to make
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
splendid; nice; sufficient; fine (in the sense of "I'm fine"); well enough; OK
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to feel uncomfortable; to be offended; to have a bad time
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
should; must; -able; probably; likely
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
adds force or indicates command
entertainer (esp. boy band or girl group member) whose image is manufactured to cultivate a dedicated consumer fan following; Japanese idol; (cultural) icon; idol; idol (object of worship); image
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances