indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
live (esp. concert, show, etc.); live performance; alive
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout
to do completely; to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to make a self-satisfied face; to look smug
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
suffix for familiar person
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...