indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
reason; cause; circumstances
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
suffix for familiar person
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
what kind of; what sort of; what; how; in what way
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
trouble; hardship; difficulty; anxiety; worry; concern
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
temporary; provisional; fictitious; assumed (name); hypothetical; theoretical
in that way; thus; so; so?
please (give me); please (do for me)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to bark; to howl; to howl (e.g. of the wind); to roar; to yell; to cry