indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
suffix for familiar person
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
confections; sweets; candy; cake
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
sweet-tasting; sweet; fragrant (smelling); sweet (music); lightly salted; light in salt; naive
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
(some) more; even more; longer; further
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
to bark; to howl; to howl (e.g. of the wind); to roar; to yell; to cry
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible