indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
suffix for familiar person
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to bark; to howl; to howl (e.g. of the wind); to roar; to yell; to cry
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indication; sign; hint; tone (of the market)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
Japanese plum (Prunus salicina); Chinese plum
mountain hare (Lepus timidus); blue hare; tundra hare; hare made of snow
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
trouble; hardship; difficulty; anxiety; worry; concern
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date