indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
suffix for familiar person
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
reason; cause; circumstances
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
cane; walking stick; staff; wand
mountain hare (Lepus timidus); blue hare; tundra hare; hare made of snow
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
to bark; to howl; to howl (e.g. of the wind); to roar; to yell; to cry
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")