indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
suffix for familiar person
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
reason; cause; circumstances
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
number one; first; best; most; game; round
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to bark; to howl; to howl (e.g. of the wind); to roar; to yell; to cry
mountain hare (Lepus timidus); blue hare; tundra hare; hare made of snow
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
he; she; that person; (arch.) you
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
cane; walking stick; staff; wand
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
in that way; thus; so; so?