indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
suffix for familiar person
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
princess; daughter of a nobleman
Japanese plum (Prunus salicina); Chinese plum
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
princess; spoiled girl; hothouse flower; glue
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
curse; spell; malediction
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up