indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
suffix for familiar person
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
sweet-tasting; sweet; fragrant (smelling); sweet (music); lightly salted; light in salt; naive
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
honorific/polite/humble prefix
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
skillful; skilled; proficient; flattery
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic