indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
udon; thick Japanese wheat noodles
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
seasoning; flavour; flavor
rice cracker; senbei; Japanese cracker; rice cookie; wafer
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
flavor; flavour; charm; appeal; experience; taste (e.g. of victory)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
aroma; fragrance; scent; smell
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
main fermenting mash (in production of sake or soy sauce); unrefined sake or soy sauce; unrefined (sake, soy sauce, etc.); rough
dark soy sauce; regular soy sauce
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
seasoning; flavoring; flavouring; condiment
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
(husked grains of) rice; staple (product, etc.); necessity