indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right angle; perpendicular
degree (angle, temperature, scale, etc.); counter for occurrences; strength (of glasses); glasses prescription; alcohol content (percentage); alcohol by volume; extent
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to keep; to preserve; to hold; to last; to endure; to keep well (food)
to bend; to crook; to lean; to tilt; to bend (the truth); to distort
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
straight (ahead); direct; upright; straightforward; honest; frank
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
one long cylindrical thing; one film, TV show, etc.; one version; one book; a certain book; ippon; one point
apiece; each; at a time; piecemeal
to break; to fracture; to fold; to bend; to make (origami); to interrupt
again; once more; a second time
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
cartoon; comic; comic strip; manga
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
finishing reading; non-serialised story (e.g. in a magazine); complete story; breaks and pauses (in a sentence)
deadline; closing; cofferdam; closed (door, window, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof