indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
training; drill; practice; discipline
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
challenge; defiance; dare; attempt; try
development; evolution; expansion; spreading out; expansion (of an algebraic expression); development (of a three-dimensional shape)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
how long; how far; how much
accurate; correct; precise; exact
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
goal; basket (basketball); finishing line; Gaul
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to compete; to contend; to vie; to contest
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
counter for birds, rabbits, etc.
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to invite; to ask (someone to do); to tempt; to lure; to induce (tears, laughter, sleepiness, etc.); to arouse (e.g. sympathy)
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)