indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
training; drill; practice; discipline
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
challenge; defiance; dare; attempt; try
development; evolution; expansion; spreading out; expansion (of an algebraic expression); development (of a three-dimensional shape)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
how long; how far; how much
accurate; correct; precise; exact
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
goal; basket (basketball); finishing line; Gaul
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to compete; to contend; to vie; to contest
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
group; party; team; squad; section
role; assignment; position (of responsibility); post; part (in a play, film, etc.); role
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to cross (legs or arms); to link (arms); to put together; to construct; to braid; to plait; to grapple
to get stuck with (some job); to end up with (something unpleasant)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
last place; lowest position; lowest rank; least significant (bit); lowest order
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you guys; buddies; pals; you lot
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
how; in what way; how about
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
(as for (that)) thing; (given (that)) thing; matter; (it is a ...) thing; matter; fact