indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
competing; competition; auction
father; dad; husband; you; he
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
suffix for familiar person
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
honorific/polite/humble prefix
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do