indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
selection; choice; picking out
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
next; hypo- (i.e. containing an element with low valence); order; sequence
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
subject; theme; homework; assignment; task; challenge
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
appropriate; adequate; suitable; fitting; worthy
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
two persons; two people; pair; couple
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
rock-paper-scissors (game); janken
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to joke; to jest; to make fun of; to laugh at; to romp; to gambol
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
adds force or indicates command
serious; not joking; straight
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
yakisoba; fried noodles, usu. with vegetables and meat
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?