indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
selection; choice; picking out
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
closing; closure; shutdown; lockout
box; box (in theatre); booth (in restaurant, etc.); small rectangular building (e.g. telephone box); rectangular field area (batter's box, catcher's box); box (calfskin); central 4x4 area (othello)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
subject; theme; homework; assignment; task; challenge
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
appropriate; adequate; suitable; fitting; worthy
two persons; two people; pair; couple
myself; yourself; I; me; you
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
new rice field; newly developed rice field; wasteland or marshland newly reclaimed as a rice field (Edo period)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately
to cut down; to slay; to truncate; to round down; to omit; to discard
cold-hearted; callous; unfeeling; insentient (objects); insensate; inanimate
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
whether or not (in phrases like "I don't know whether or not I can come")
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
rock-paper-scissors (game); janken
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
scissors (in rock-paper-scissors)