indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
commemoration; celebration; honoring the memory of something; turning something into a memento; memory
correct; right; correct interpretation (answer, solution)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
to get used to; to grow accustomed to; to become skilled in; to become experienced at; to become tame; to become domesticated
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
tedious; boring; being fed up with
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)