indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to raise; to rear; to train; to teach; to promote the growth of; to nurture
unidentified mysterious animal
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
that gentleman; that lady; he; she
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
such; like that; that sort of; very
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour