oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
if it is the case that ...
certainly; surely; definitely
to take back; to regain; to get back; to recover
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to break; to be broken; to be folded; to give in; to back down; to turn (a corner)
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
even if; no matter (what); if; though; although; supposing
four Taoist gods said to reign over the four directions; four gods said to reign over the four seasons
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to climb over; to get over; to surmount; to overcome; to surpass; to overtake
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
to send or direct a person to
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to lay hands on; to touch; to care for; to look after; to make off with; to steal
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
movement; move; motion; trend; development; change
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you