indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
rock (in rock-paper-scissors); stone; ungh; gulp; rumbling (of an empty stomach); growling
cherry fruit (esp. sweet cherry, Prunus avium)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
meaning; significance; sense
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
company; corporation; workplace
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
takoyaki; octopus dumplings
crisis; critical situation; emergency; pinch
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence