indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
rock (in rock-paper-scissors); stone; ungh; gulp; rumbling (of an empty stomach); growling
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
crisis; critical situation; emergency; pinch
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
serious; honest; sober; grave; earnest; steady
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
adds force or indicates command
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
here I am; I'm home!; presently; right away; right now
(medical) doctor; physician
joint party (e.g. by students from several colleges); combined party; mixer; two or more groups, esp. female and male students, combining for a party