jpdb beta

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

16

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

9

you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...

9

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

8

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

7

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

7

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

6

right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?

6

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

5

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

5

I; me

5

to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become

5

I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that

5

yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh

5

rock (in rock-paper-scissors); stone; ungh; gulp; rumbling (of an empty stomach); growling

5

don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...

4

the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...

4

good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial

4

pink; erotic (usually used in relation to the sex industry); blue; pornographic

4

cherry blossom viewing; flower viewing

4

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

3

only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to

3

here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...

3

what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest

3

by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being

3

ha ha ha; hee hee hee

3

new employee; freshman employee; new hire

3

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

2

indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very

2

thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work

2

but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...

2

be; is

2

nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible

2

to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage

2

to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk

2

now; soon; already; yet; further; more

2

so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already

2

seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!

2

honorific/polite/humble prefix

2

a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily

2

to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold

2

what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few

2

indicates question

2

everyone; everybody; all; everything; all

2

to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on

2

work; job; labor; work

2

spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention

2

but; however; although

2

suffix for familiar person

2

isn't that right?

2