indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
Shibuya, a special ward in Tokyo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...