indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
elder sister; effeminate man
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
sacred treasure; the three sacred treasures (sword, jewel, mirror); implement used in religious ceremonies
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
the heavens; the skies; celestial sphere; heavenly realm; deva realm
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all