indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
radio wave; reception; signal; saying strange things
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be powered on; to be turned on
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
father; dad; husband; you; he
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
before one knows; before one becomes aware of; unnoticed; unawares
now; the present time; just now; another; more
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
high-rise building; tower block; skyscraper
multi-floor building; multi-storey building; bill
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
meaning; significance; sense
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
what's the best thing to do?; what to do?
to quiet; to calm down; to compose oneself; to settle down
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)