indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
now; the present time; just now; another; more
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very
flight; desertion; escape
(face) mask; (facial) features; looks; mask (e.g. for circuit etching)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
how; in what way; how about
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
please (give me); please (do for me)