indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
by means of; due to; because of; according to
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
tunnel; to tunnel (through a potential barrier); letting a grounder go through one's legs
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
now; the present time; just now; another; more
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
last night; yesterday evening
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
blockade; lockdown; sealing off (an area); freezing (funds)
death in jail; death in prison
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result