indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pull out; to draw out; to omit; to leave out; to do to the end; to carry through; to let out (e.g. air from a tyre)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
listen!; you see; mind you; remember
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
counter for articles; counter for military units; individual
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
rock (in rock-paper-scissors); stone; ungh; gulp; rumbling (of an empty stomach); growling
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to be silent; to say nothing
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
luxury; extravagance; treat (i.e. at somebody's expense)
reserve; constraint; declining; refraining; forethought; foresight
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
adds force or indicates command
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
investigation; inspection; examination; tune; note; melody
to be lucky; to be in luck; to be attached; to have; to be included
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
clue; lead; key; handhold; hold
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
superior; excellent; brilliant; outstanding
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to make merry; to frolic; to be in high spirits