indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
zero; 0; nought; nothing; zilch
robot; (mere) puppet; pawn; figurehead
father; dad; husband; you; he
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
cold sleep; suspended animation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Zürich (Switzerland); Zurich
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
nature; natural; spontaneous; naturally; spontaneously
plate; dish; serving; helping; kanji radical 108 (at the bottom)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
honorific/polite/humble prefix
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
exclusion; removal; rejection; elimination; abatement; lifting (sanctions, etc.)