indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
plate; dish; serving; helping; kanji radical 108 (at the bottom)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
father; dad; husband; you; he
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Zürich (Switzerland); Zurich
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
zero; 0; nought; nothing; zilch
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
artificial intelligence; AI
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
danger; peril; hazard; risk
to erase; to delete; to turn off (power); to switch off; to extinguish; to put out
to release; to let go; to free; to add (pieces of eggplant, potato, etc.) to water, broth, etc.