indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
program (e.g. TV); programme
participants; participating athletes
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
in that way; thus; so; so?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
honorific/polite/humble prefix
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...