indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
and; or; and the like; and so forth; and what not
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
martial arts; military arts; wushu; modern sport derived from traditional Chinese martial arts
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...