indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
revival (e.g. musical); come-back; restoration; rebirth; resurrection
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
than; from; out of; except; but; more
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
martial arts; military arts; wushu; modern sport derived from traditional Chinese martial arts
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
stand; rack; support; holder; counter for machines, incl. vehicles; setting (e.g. in jewellery); level (e.g. price level)
the body; the flesh; the outer man; one's physique
durian (fruit); Dorian (mode, column)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to be needed; to be wanted
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
one-sided; unilateral; arbitrary
exploitation; overuse; abuse
district; quarter; enclosure; area enclosed by earthwork; red-light district
willow (any tree of genus Salix); weeping willow (Salix babylonica)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding