indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
drop-off point (e.g. ski lift, bus, taxi); exit ramp
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
honorific/polite/humble prefix
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
technique; art; skill; move