indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
(one's) older brother; young man; sonny; lad
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
beast (i.e. any animal other than man); person reborn into the animal realm; brute (i.e. a contemptible human being); damn it; damn
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
adds force or indicates command
potato (Solanum tuberosum)
bearded face; unshaven face; hairy face
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment