jpdb beta

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

11

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

8

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

7

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

7

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

6

Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker

6

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

5

don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...

5

France

5

indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

4

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

4

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

4

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

4

the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...

4

good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial

4

adds force or indicates command

4

to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come

4

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

3

indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very

3

right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?

3

be; is

3

you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she

3

Mr (junior); master; boy

3

Japan

3

one's house; one's home; one's family

3

beyond; across; the other side; the distance

3

but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...

2

you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...

2

to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience

2

to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)

2

yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's

2

face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour

2

what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few

2

today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays

2

I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that

2

it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?

2

ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah

2

then; well; so; be; is

2

yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof

2

ah; oh; hey!

2

yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr

2

to be needed; to be wanted

2

hey; say; look

2

interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt

2

delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient

2

cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship

2

super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than

2

older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy

2

pose; pause

2

to come and stay; to drop in; to visit

2