if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
tariff (import tax); duty; customs
arrangement; pact; agreement
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
both countries; Ryōgoku (area of Tokyo)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
coming and going; traffic; road; street; association; socializing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
national border; provincial border
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
on the occasion of; circumstances; juncture
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
by myself; in person; by oneself
inspection (e.g. customs, factory); examination; scan (e.g. MRI, PET, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
stamp; sticker (in messaging apps); (large) emoji
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
instead; but (on the other hand)
commemoration; celebration; honoring the memory of something; turning something into a memento; memory
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
tourist information center; tourist information centre
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
crown; diadem; bottle cap
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
self-defense; self-defence
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...