indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
master (of a house, shop, etc.); husband; sir; boss; patron of a mistress, geisha, bar or nightclub hostess; sugar daddy
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
tengu; long-nosed goblin; bragging; conceit; braggart
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
living by oneself; living alone
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays